Chapter 10 Final review ?
1. Social psychology differs from sociology in its focus on ______. (1 point)
| people’s susceptibility to clever advertising |
| the influences of the social world in which we exist |
| abnormal behavior |
| conformity |
| attribution |
2. “Look! Up in the sky! It’s a bird. It’s a plane. It’s Superman!” If you looked up, would you be conforming? (1 point)
| Yes. You would be looking up because you were told to do so. |
| No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so. |
| Yes. Conformity means doing what you are told or else. |
| No. Looking up only means you are curious. |
| Yes. Conformity means responding when you have a choice. |
3. Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince’s behavior is an example of _______________________. (1 point)
| compliance |
| persuasion |
| obedience |
| altruism |
| conformity |
4. It is 1951, and you are required to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying _____________________. (1 point)
| bystander apathy |
| social loafing |
| groupthink |
| compliance |
| conformity |
5. Voluntarily yielding to social norms, even at the expense of one’s own preference, is called ______. (1 point)
| obedience |
| submission |
| social loafing |
| conformity |
| compliance |
6. In what way is compliance different from conformity? (1 point)
| Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. |
| Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female. |
| Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands. |
| Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion. |
| Compliance involves soliciting the reactions of individuals, whereas conformity involves direct group pressure. |
7. Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch’s studies? (1 point)
| the task difficulty was increased |
| the confederates were all adults |
| one confederate gave a correct response |
| the participants were given two chances at responding |
| polling the respondents individually |
8. In Solomon Asch’s study on conformity, the number of confederates was found to have a significant impact on the participants’ likelihood of giving an incorrect answer. How many confederates did Asch find maximized the likelihood of conformity occurring? (1 point)
| 2 |
| 4 |
| 6 |
| 8 |
| 12 |
9. Which aspect of culture tends to decrease rates of conformity? (1 point)
| serole stereotypes |
| low socioeconomic status |
| high level of individualism |
| low levels of societal dependence |
| high levels of societal dependence |
10. Research has found support for Asch’s findings in countries including Hong Kong, Japan, and Zimbabwe. In fact, in these locations the conformity effect was even higher than Asch reported. What might explain this increase in conformity? (1 point)
| These three countries are all located in warmer climates, which Asch found leads to more conformity. |
| These three countries have generally collectivist cultures. |
| These three countries have generally individualistic cultures. |
| These three countries did not have access to Asch’s work, so their findings were not influenced by the original study. |
| These three countries all have uniformly low socioeconomic status. |
11. When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call _____. (1 point)
| mass thought |
| consumerism |
| solidarity think |
| social conformity |
| groupthink |
12. After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident, several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death. Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional, the more the friends talked, the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary. What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case? (1 point)
| social influence |
| prosocial behavior |
| altruism |
| self-serving bias |
| groupthink |
13. The prime minister notices that her closest advisors never seem to disagree with her or with each other on a lot of important issues, such as arms control. She worries that she is not getting the pros and cons of different issues because her advisors are engaging in ______. (1 point)
| latent obedience |
| intrinsic reinforcement |
| latent learning |
| stereotyping |
| groupthink |
14. Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon. (1 point)
| risky shift |
| polarization |
| foot-in-the-door |
| door-in-the-face |
| norm of reciprocity |
15. The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ technique. (1 point)
| lowball |
| door-in-the-face |
| foot-in-the-door |
| response cue |
| that’s-not-all technique |
16. While walking through an airport, a well-dressed lady walks up to you and pins a flower on your shirt, saying “I’d like you to have this flower on behalf of the Brotherhood of Friends. Would you like to make a donation to our cause?” This lady is attempting to use the _____________ to get your money. (1 point)
| foot-in-the-door technique |
| that’s-not-all technique |
| norm of reciprocity |
| lowball technique |
| door-in-the-face |
17. A consultant was telling newly-hired salespeople about techniques they can use to increase sales. At one point he was talking about increasing compliance by creating a sense of obligation. Because one of the last classes you took before you graduated was Social Psychology, you recognize the concept as ________________. (1 point)
| the norm of reciprocity |
| indebtedness |
| foot-in-the-door effect |
| returning a favor |
| the lowball technique |
18. What is a difference between obedience and conformity? (1 point)
| In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request. |
| Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules, whereas obedience does not. |
| Obedience is an indirect request, whereas conformity is a direct request. |
| In conformity, there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group. |
| Conformity involves agreeing to change in response to a request, whereas obedience involves an indirect request for agreement. |
19. A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram’s research. He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles. Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate? (1 point)
| “Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn” |
| “Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority” |
| “Training in Ethics Can Overcome the Pull of Obedience” |
| “Make a Small Request First and the World Can Be Yours” |
| “Informed Consent as an Integral Component of Obedience Research” |
20. Imagine that 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram’s famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond? (1 point)
| The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. |
| The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave. |
| Most of the women would refuse to obey, whereas almost all of the men would obey. |
| Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment. |
| Most of the participants would demand to speak to the “subject” to see if the pain was becoming too severe. |
21. On the 72nd hole of the U.S. Open golf tournament, Phil Mickelson misses a one-foot putt that would have won the championship. During an interview afterward, he stated, “I’ve made that putt a thousand times on the practice green. I can’t believe that I missed it!” Based on your knowledge of social psychology, which phenomenon may have contributed to the errant putt? (1 point)
| social loafing |
| social facilitation |
| diffusion of ability |
| social compliance |
| social impairment |
22. An individual who exerts less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions will not be evaluated is engaging in what is called _____. (1 point)
| social loafing |
| social idleness |
| social facilitation |
| the goof-off phenomenon |
| malingering |
23. What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts? (1 point)
| cognitions |
| stereotypes |
| attitudes |
| attributions |
| perceptions |
24. Attitudes are __________________. (1 point)
| Innate |
| generally positive |
| learned |
| unchangeable |
| generally negative |
25. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? (1 point)
| Bea feels recycling is a great concept. |
| Bob is upset when he hears a corporation plans to build a polluting plant near his home. |
| Bill struggles to understand the arguments both sides present in a debate over a new manufacturing plant. |
| Beth believes that all freshman women should live in a dormitory. |
| Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. |
26. Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her opinion that the candidate is not qualified represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him. (1 point)
| cognitive |
| feeling |
| intuition |
| behavioral |
| situational |
27. Jaquan’s parents have been talking to him about the negative aspects of drugs ever since he was a youngster. Now that he is a teenager, he knows that some of his friends smoke marijuana. At a party one night, a friend offers Jaquan a joint. Jaquan declines the offer, stating that he hates drugs. Even though he has never tried drugs to form his own opinion of them, which method of attitude formation has kept him from making a mistake? (1 point)
| direct contact |
| direct instruction |
| interaction with others |
| classical conditioning |
| vicarious conditioning |
28. A state of tension that occurs when a person’s attitudes do not match the person’s actions is called __________. (1 point)
| cognitive dissonance |
| the validity effect |
| the fundamental attribution error |
| routinization |
| attitudinal dysfunction |
29. Which one of the following activities will NOT reduce cognitive dissonance? (1 point)
| changing the behavior to match the attitude |
| changing the thought to justify the behavior |
| developing new thoughts to justify the behavior |
| continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts |
| spending time with people who engage in the same behavior |
30. Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance? (1 point)
| You are a lousy cook but you keep trying different recipes. |
| You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. |
| You are polite and civil to people you dislike. |
| You stop eating your favorite dessert to reduce fat in your diet. |
| You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. |
31. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? (1 point)
| Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20. |
| Those who got $20 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $1. |
| Paid groups said the task was less boring than did nonpaid groups. |
| Women performed the tasks for less money than men. |
| Men performed the tasks for less money than women. |
32. Which part of the brain has been identified as being particularly active when people experience cognitive dissonance? (1 point)
| the left frontal cortex |
| the anterior amygdala |
| the ascending pyramidal tracks |
| the dorsolateral hypothalamus |
| the corpus callosum |
33. Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called ________________. (1 point)
| attribution |
| causal analysis |
| ascribing values |
| nonverbal communication |
| rationalization |
34. A group of Ray’s friends have been waiting for Ray for an hour. One says, ?He never remembers anything.” Another says, “He’s probably caught in rush hour traffic.” What are these friends doing that might be of interest to a social psychologist? (1 point)
| They are making attributions. |
| They are reducing dissonance levels. |
| They are conforming to the group’s norms. |
| They are forming initial impressions of Ray. |
| They are expressing prejudices about Ray. |
35. When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the cause of an action as something _____. (1 point)
| in the environment |
| in the person’s disposition |
| that is a biological trait |
| with an unconscious motivation |
| that has been classically conditioned |
36. Which of the following individuals is most likely to make the fundamental attribution error? (1 point)
| Maggie, a 24-year-old Caucasian woman |
| Jethro, a 18-year-old Caucasian man |
| Anut, a 46-year-old Pakistani woman |
| Mona, a 72-year-old Hawaiian woman |
| Ming, a 35-year-old Chinese woman |
37. What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person? (1 point)
| social interaction |
| stereotyping |
| impression formation |
| interpersonal judgment |
| social cognition |
38. “We” have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas “they” all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called ______________. (1 point)
| mindlessness |
| a stereotype |
| a fundamental attribution error |
| mental set |
| dispositional cause |
39. The issue of racial profiling has been a controversial topic in the United States for many years, and it was particularly widespread after the events of September 11, 2001. When an individual engages in profiling and assumes that one person must possess certain qualities because of their race or ethnicity, (s)he is engaging in _____________. (1 point)
| attribution |
| discrimination |
| stereotyping |
| social loafing |
| categorizing |
40. Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________. (1 point)
| dislike; hatred |
| hatred; dislike |
| response; cognition |
| behavior; attitude |
| attitude; behavior |
41. A social group of people viewed as competitors, enemies, or different and unworthy of respect is a(n) ______. (1 point)
| pariah |
| in-group |
| threat-group |
| out-group |
| rival group |
42. What term do social psychologists use for the process of making people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group? (1 point)
| groupthink |
| pariah formation |
| deindividuation |
| scapegoating |
| situational attribution |
43. Which social psychology theory best explains the fact that the majority of the riots that took place following the trial of the police officers accused of beating Rodney King did not take place in white neighborhoods, but rather in the neighborhoods of Asian Americans and Asians who had recently immigrated to the United States? (1 point)
| scapegoating |
| social diffusion |
| the bystander effect |
| prejudice |
| identification |
44. Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits? (1 point)
| An outgoing woman marries a shy man. |
| A girl marries the boy next door. |
| Two tennis players become good friends. |
| A girl and a boy who both like jogging fall in love. |
| A girl who learns that a boy likes her begins to like the boy. |
45. Which of the following examples describes the rule of attraction called reciprocity of liking? (1 point)
| Mary likes Julio because he is so different from her. |
| Sabrina loves Clark because he lives next door to her. |
| Tameka likes Raphael because he likes her. |
| Marcia likes Donald because he is rich. |
| Ellen likes Bret because they both like soccer. |
46. The saying, “Out of sight, out of mind,” can easily summarize which of the following social psychological phenomenon in regards to attraction? (1 point)
| proximity |
| reciprocal liking |
| similarity |
| physical attractiveness |
| closeness |
47. The hormone associated with aggression seems to be ___________. (1 point)
| testosterone |
| estrogen |
| MDH |
| peptone |
| serotonin |
48. One conclusion of much of the research on media and violence is that ____________. (1 point)
| TV causes violence |
| aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children |
| TV tends to make nonaggressive children become aggressive |
| violent TV programs are responsible for over 75 percent of aggression among children |
| the effect of violence in TV programs is reduced when parents use physical punishment |
49. According to the research of Latané and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help? (1 point)
| person on the side of the road with a flat tire during rush hour |
| person asking for help in a crowded stadium parking lot |
| person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it |
| a student falling off a ladder outside a full classroom |
| person choking in a crowded restaurant |
50. Which of the following individuals would be the LEAST likely to help? (1 point)
| Carrie, who sees Carl’s car is on fire |
| Leah, who while walking alone sees a young boy caught in a sewer drain pipe |
| Susanna, who is in a bad mood and sees a car flip over on a crowded intersection |
| Kathleen, who who sees a student who is having trouble getting in her car after dark |
| Jessica, who is a nurse and sees a man having a heart attack in his car in a deserted parking lot |
51. Which of the following psychological approaches is most concerned with the importance of how humans encode, store, and retrieve information? (1 point)
| behavioral approach |
| psychodynamic approach |
| cognitive approach |
| biopsychosocial approach |
| biological approach |
52. Which coefficient indicates the strongest correlation? (1 point)
| 1.00 |
| -.66 |
| 0.00 |
| +.33 |
| +.75 |
53. When subjects in an experimental group put a puzzle piece in the wrong place, the experimenter unconsciously tapped his feet. The experimenter did not tap his feet when subjects in the control group placed a puzzle piece in the wrong place. One method to eliminate the tapping of the experimenter is by instituting: (1 point)
| the single-blind procedure |
| the double-blind procedure |
| the placebo effect |
| the subject bias effect |
| the independent variable |
54. Mr. Allen owns a business with nine employees. Mr. Allen’s annual salary is $90,000. His assistant earns $60,000 annually. Of his other employees, three earn $25,000 each and his five part-time workers earn $15,000 each. For this distribution, the mean is: (1 point)
| the same as the median |
| lower than both the median and mode |
| lower than the median, but higher than the mode |
| higher than both the median and mode |
| lower than the mode, but higher than the median |
55. Loss of the ability of the brain to produce adequate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine often results in: (1 point)
| amnesia |
| Alzheimer’s disease |
| schizophrenia |
| aphasia |
| Parkinson’s disease |
56. Which of the following glands interact most directly with the hypothalamus and all other glands to help regulate body processes? (1 point)
| pituitary |
| adrenal |
| thyroid |
| ovaries |
| ganglion |
57. Which of the following tasks are primarily a right cerebral hemisphere function in most people? (1 point)
| recognizing faces |
| understanding written language |
| understanding spoken language |
| processing sensory information from the right arm |
| processing sensory information from the left eye |
58. Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as (1 point)
| hormones |
| endorphins |
| serotonin |
| pheromones |
| neurotransmitters |
59. When Jacob saw shadows of people behind him on the walls of the dark alley, his blood pressure increased and breathing rate sped up. These physical reactions were most directly regulated by his: (1 point)
| somatosensory system |
| somatic nervous system |
| sympathetic nervous system |
| parasympathetic nervous |
| motor sensory system |
60. According to Kohlberg’s theory, postconventional morality requires thinking in Piaget’s: (1 point)
| sensorimotor level |
| preoperational level |
| concrete operational level |
| formal operational level |
| conventional level |
61. The rooting reflex is characterized by neonates: (1 point)
| grasping objects that press against their palms |
| arching their bags and drawing up their legs in a response to sudden loud noises |
| fanning their toes when their soles are stimulated |
| turning their head toward stimuli when touched on their cheeks |
| crying when their food source is taken away from them |
62. According to the social learning theory, gender identity results from: (1 point)
| labeling a child as a girl or boy |
| observation and imitation of significant role models |
| reinforcement of gender-appropriate behaviors and punishment of gender-inappropriate behaviors |
| chromosomal and hormonal differences during prenatal development |
| cognitively labeling of oneself |
63. Receptors for kinesthesis are located in the: (1 point)
| semicircular canals |
| olfactory epithelium |
| retinal |
| cochlea |
| basilar ganglia |
64. The theory that explains how one experiences pain when pain messages pass through the spinal cord via small nerve fibers that carry pain signals is: (1 point)
| the opponent-process theory |
| Weber’s law |
| the feature-detection law |
| the trichromatic theory |
| the gate-control theory |
65. The most common form of color blindness is related to the deficiencies in the: (1 point)
| bipolar cells |
| blue-yellow system |
| blue-red system |
| red-green system |
| black-white system |
66. Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most closely associated with: (1 point)
| Stage 1 sleep |
| Stage 2 sleep |
| Stage 3 sleep |
| Stage 4 sleep |
| REM |
67. In small quantities, alcohol can be mistaken for a stimulant because it: (1 point)
| stimulates the sympathetic nervous system |
| speeds up the respiration and heart rate |
| inhibits control of emotions |
| induces sleep |
| affects the cerebellum |
68. Studies of learning conducted by Garcia have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with: (1 point)
| novel stimuli |
| electric shock |
| sickness |
| extinguished associations |
| sweetness |
69. Taking a painkiller to relieve the pain from a backache is behavior learned through which of the following processes? (1 point)
| punishment |
| shaping |
| modeling |
| positive reinforcement |
| negative reinforcement |
70. Students in Mrs. Evan’s first grade class are given tokens for positive behavior. At the end of the school week, students are able to put the tokens in vending machines to get prizes. The tokens act as: (1 point)
| primary reinforcers |
| classical conditioners |
| secondary reinforcers |
| unconditioned reinforcers |
| negative reinforcers |
71. While folding laundry, you suddenly arrive at the answer to a physics problem you’d been trying to solve for several hours. This is an example of: (1 point)
| insight |
| latent learning |
| stimulus generalization |
| backward conditioning |
| discrimination |
72. When studying for her Chinese exam, Sidney found that when a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are: (1 point)
| at the beginning of the list |
| in the middle of the list |
| hardest to pronounce |
| easiest to pronounce |
| at the end of the list |
73. Katherine, who is 78, still has the ability to remember the day she first swam in the ocean. This is clearly and example of which of the following types of memory? (1 point)
| flashbulb |
| semantic |
| procedural |
| episodic |
| implicit |
74. After getting into a horrible biking accident, Chandra can no longer remember any details of what happened right before the accident. This is an example of: (1 point)
| mood-congruent memory |
| anterograde amnesia |
| retrograde amnesia |
| interference |
| dementia |
75. During a debate for Senate, both the Republican and Democratic
