Question 1
1.
Match each term with the appropriate
definition/explanation.
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No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)
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Lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL)
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Uncertainty Factor (UF)
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Benchmark dose (BMD
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Reference concentration (RfC)
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Slope factor
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Chronic daily intake
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Hazard quotient
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Express cancer risk
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Hazard index
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A.
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Commonly used by the EPA to assess cancer risk for both oral
and inhalation hazards
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B.
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A common measure of daily exposure dose that can be
calculated from the airborne concentration by dividing the ventilation rate
by body mass or weight
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C.
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A unitless factor used to adjust the NOAEL or LOAEL
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D.
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Exposure level at which there is no biologically- or
statistically-significant increase in the severity of an adverse health
effect in humans or animals
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E.
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The NOAEL or LOAEL divided by the associated uncertainty and
modifying factors
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F.
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Derived from a modeled dose-response curve and represents an
upper confidence limit for a specified response level
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G.
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Obtained by dividing the exposure concentration by the
threshold limit value
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H.
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Measures the cumulative effect of hazards by adding the
target organ-specific hazard quotients for non-carcinogens
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I.
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The lowest exposure level that causes a biologically- or
statistically-significant increase in the severity of an adverse health
effect in humans or animals
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J.
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The probability of an individual, within the greater
population, of developing cancer over a lifetime
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40 points
Question 2
1.
Differentiate
between the roles of risk managers and risk assessors according to the EPA’s
Guidance for Risk Characterization.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
20 points
Question 3
1.
What
is the hazard quotient, and at what stage of the risk assessment process is it
used? Discuss the three possible levels of the hazard quotient and how the
hazard is evaluated if a mixture of chemical exposures is being assessed.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
Question 4
1.
Describe
the elements of effective risk communication. Discuss one example of a risk
that the general public tends to over- or underestimate. How might the elements
of risk communication be used to give a clearer picture of the true risk in
your example?
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
