22) Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?
A) jaws
B) post-anal tail
C) four-chambered heart
D) vertebrae
23) If a tunicate’s pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked, the animal would have trouble ________.
A) respiring
B) feeding
C) moving
D) respiring and feeding
24) To reproduce, many plants produce seeds—structures containing embryonic offspring along with nutrients inside a tough coat. These offspring develop after being released by the parent plant. To which animal reproductive “strategy” is seed production most comparable?
A) oviparous reproduction
B) ovoviviparous reproduction
C) viviparous reproduction
D) internal development and ballistic dispersal
25) Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes?
A) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary.
B) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility.
C) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to vibrations.
D) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy.
26) Use the following figure and information to answer the question.
Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomous and physoclistous. The ancestral version is the physostomous version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (see the figure). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by “belching.” The physoclistous version is more derived and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder.
The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still ________.
A) effectively circulate its blood
B) use its lateral line system
C) use its swim bladder as a respiratory organ
D) not sink
27) Use the above figure (26) and information to answer the question.
Which shark structure is closest in function to a swim bladder full of gas?
A) its lateral line system
B) its spiral valve
C) its liver
D) its gills
28) Use the above figure (26) and information to answer the question.
If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary) in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?
A) its pectoral fins
B) its lateral line system
C) its caudal (tail) fin
D) its operculum
29) It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?
A) Like amphibians, they are tied to the water for reproduction.
B) Their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs.
C) They have highly evolved nervous and circulatory systems.
D) They have lungs and are able to breathe air when water is scarce.
30) Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?
A) a mineralized, bony skeleton
B) opercula
C) a spiral valve intestine
D) a swim bladder
31) Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?
A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates
B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages
C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins
D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes
32) A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was ________.
A) the appearance of jaws
B) feet with digits
C) the mineralization of the endoskeleton
D) the amniotic egg
33) Ancient fossils that seem to be an intermediate stage in the evolution from fish to tetrapods had which of the following characteristics?
A) fins and scales like a fish but ribs to support the body and a bone structure in the front limb like tetrapods
B) a pelvis and rear limbs like a fish and gills like a tetrapod
C) bones that allowed the head to move like a fish and both gills and lung like a tetrapod
D) scales and a tail like a fish and a simple bone arrangement in the back limb like a tetrapod
34) What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?
A) Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction.
B) Tetrapods can now function with just lungs.
C) Newborns are much less dependent on their parents.
D) Embryos are protected from predators.
35) Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo?
A) the chorion
B) the yolk sac
C) the allantois
D) the amnion
36) The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of ________.
A) shared ancestry
B) convergent evolution
C) homology
D) evolutionary divergence
37) Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?
A) endothermy
B) ectothermy
C) amniotic egg
D) terrestrial habitat
38) Which characteristic is common to all the modern representatives of all major reptilian lineages (turtles, lepidosaurs, crocodilians, and birds)?
A) presence of teeth
B) presence of four walking limbs
C) ectothermy
D) presence of a notochord
39) Which of these are amniotes?
A) amphibians
B) fishes
C) turtles
D) lungfish
