Writers Den

QUESTION 1

1. Computers have become important to studying brain images for numerous reasons. One reason is that they allow many images from different angles to be combined into representations of very thin slices of the brain, allowing minute structures to be examined. What is another reason?
   

   a.	They make it possible to process complex data from brain images.
   b.	They enable us to know precisely what happens in which region of the brain.
   c.	They create tomographs to allow views of large brain structures.
   d.	They eliminate irregularities inherent in human-only observations.

1 points

QUESTION 2

1. EEG studies of the neocortex suggest that the __________ frontal lobe is more active when a person wants to approach something pleasant, while activity in the __________ frontal lobe is associated with wanting to withdraw from something unpleasant.
   

   a.	ventral; lateral
   b.	right; left
   c.	lateral; ventral
   d.	left; right

1 points

QUESTION 3

1. Electroencephalography (EEG), in which electrodes placed on the scalp pick up electrical signals underneath, and magnetoencephalography (MEG), which detects magnetic indications of brain activity, are examples of what?
   

   a.	brain-imaging techniques
   b.	functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
   c.	emission tomography
   d.	brain recorders

1 points

QUESTION 4

1. Famous cases such as Phineas Gage and the patient “Elliott” demonstrate that
   

   a.	individuals with brain damage always die as a result of their injury.
   b.	emotions are not tied to areas in the brain.
   c.	individuals suffer no long-term consequences after brain injuries.
   d.	individuals with brain injuries have trouble understanding and regulating emotions.

1 points

QUESTION 5

1. In cases where individuals lose the ability to recognize their friends and loved ones due to brain damage, which is called Capgras syndrome, what part of the brain has been damaged?
   

   a.	the right frontal lobe
   b.	the anterior cingulate
   c.	the left frontal lobe
   d.	the amygdala

1 points

QUESTION 6

1. Knowledge about the brain comes from three principle sources. Which of the following answers is NOT one of these sources?
   

   a.	brain waves
   b.	brain stimulation
   c.	brain imaging
   d.	brain damage

1 points

QUESTION 7

1. Numerous studies have documented the fight-or-flight response, a pattern of behavior in reaction to perceived threats, and also its connection with the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. Recently, another pattern of threat reactions, the tend-and-befriend response, has been explored in relation to a different hormone, oxytocin. What is the motivation behind this new exploration of behavioral response patterns?
   

   a.	Historically, studies on fight-or-flight response have been conducted mainly on males; oxytocin’s promotion of nurturant and social behavior in females fits in with an evolutionary explanation of the differentiated male and female threat responses that would have promoted survival for humans during the prehistoric era.
   b.	Prefrontal lobotomy patients whose brains are unable to produce epinephrine and norepinephrine have been shown to display non-fight-or-flight response patterns because of the disproportionate amount of oxytocin in their neural systems.
   c.	Case studies of head-injury victims whose brains could no longer produce epinephrine or norepinephrine have revealed that a greater variety of hormonally based threat-reaction patterns exists than psychologists had previously imagined.
   d.	Recent strides in imaging technology have revealed that the brain’s electrical response patterns vary more than previously supposed in accordance with the severity of the perceived threat.

1 points

QUESTION 8

1. One key part of the brain contributing to motivations and emotions is the
   

   a.	thalamus.
   b.	amygdala.
   c.	frontal cortex.
   d.	anterior cingulate cortex.

1 points

QUESTION 9

1. Oxytocin, sometimes called the “love hormone,” plays an important role in
   

   a.	mother-child bonding, romantic attachment, and sexual response.
   b.	aggression, frustration, and dominance.
   c.	motivation, rewards, and preference for occupations.
   d.	heart speed, digestion, and adrenaline.

1 points

QUESTION 10

1. Research by DeYoung suggests that the stability traits (emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) are associated with the neurotransmitter __________ and the plasticity traits (extraversion and openness) are associated with the neurotransmitter __________.
   

   a.	dopamine; serotonin
   b.	testosterone; oxytocin
   c.	cortisol; testosterone
   d.	serotonin; dopamine

1 points

QUESTION 11

1. Results from prefrontal lobotomy patients suggest that the frontal lobes are associated with
   

   a.	cognitive control.
   b.	free will.
   c.	bodily movement.
   d.	sociability.

1 points

QUESTION 12

1. The ability to inhibit emotional impulses, in other words, to stop oneself from doing something attractive yet dangerous, seems to be related to which neurotransmitter?
   

   a.	testosterone
   b.	serotonin
   c.	epinephrine
   d.	dopamine

1 points

QUESTION 13

1. The hormone cortisol is released by the adrenal gland as a response to physical or psychological stress. It can __________ the heart rate, __________ muscle growth, and cause many other effects as well. Individuals who suffer from severe stress, anxiety, and depression tend to have chronically __________ levels of cortisol in their blood.
   

   a.	speed; enhance; low
   b.	speed; stimulate; high
   c.	slow; retard; low
   d.	slow; hinder; high

1 points

QUESTION 14

1. The most uniquely human part of our brain is its
   

   a.	amygdala.
   b.	hypothalamus.
   c.	left frontal lobe.
   d.	neocortex.

1 points

QUESTION 15

1. The phenomenon called “neural context” refers to the idea that data about one part of the brain’s activity might not mean much without taking into account
   

   a.	an individual’s thought patterns at the time of the brain-imaging scan.
   b.	the activity of other areas of the individual’s body.
   c.	an individual’s general state of mental health at the time of the brain-imaging scan.
   d.	the activity of other areas of the brain.

1 points

QUESTION 16

1. There are several reasons that are commonly cited as to why the areas of the brain that “light up” in response to emotional stimuli might not be specifically relevant to emotion. Which of the answers below is NOT one of these reasons?
   

   a.	Submitting a brain to imaging scans automatically changes the way it reacts to stimuli.
   b.	An area of the brain may light up in response to an emotional stimulus, but this does not mean that whenever this part of a person’s brain is active, he will necessarily feel this emotion.
   c.	Studies only look at small parts of the brain at once and are blind to the neural context surrounding the activity.
   d.	Brain-imaging technologies are getting more powerful and sensitive, but they are also getting more difficult to use.

1 points

QUESTION 17

1. Trace the path of communication in the brain: A bioelectrical impulse causes __________ to release __________. These chemicals travel across __________ to the next __________ in line, where they cause a chemical reaction. Hundreds, if not thousands, of these reactions occur simultaneously.
   

   a.	neurons; neurotransmitters; synapses; nerve cell
   b.	neurons; synapses; neuronal gaps; dendrite
   c.	biotransmitters; neurons; neuronal gaps; dendrite
   d.	neurons; dendrites; axons; biotransmitter

1 points

QUESTION 18

1. Transcranial magnetic stimulation uses rapidly changing magnetic fields to temporarily disrupt areas of brain activity. This is an example of which approach to studying the brain?
   

   a.	brain stimulation
   b.	brain lobotomy
   c.	brain activity and imaging
   d.	brain damage

1 points

QUESTION 19

1. Which neurotransmitter has been described as the chemical that turns motivation into action?
   

   a.	epinephrine
   b.	testosterone
   c.	serotonin
   d.	dopamine

1 points

QUESTION 20

1. Which statement about testosterone is false?
   

   a.	It plays a role in the control and inhibition of aggressiveness.
   b.	Only men have testosterone.
   c.	Higher levels of testosterone are associated with higher levels of sociability.
   d.	Testosterone is a chemical contributor to sexual motivation.