Module 6
quiz
Question 1
Which of Émile Durkheim’s types of social solidarity
characterizes modern life?
organic
anomic
egoistic
mechanical
Question 2
Why is it so difficult to track the crime rate over time?
Sociologists and
criminologists do not use common methodologies.
We lack good data on
criminal activity prior to 1990.
The way particular
crimes are defined changes over time.
Most crimes are
unreported.
Question 3
After serving a long prison sentence for grand theft auto,
Charles stole another car. This is an example of:
general deterrence.
specific deterrence.
anomie.
recidivism.
Question 4
David Rosenhan sent some of his students to a psychiatric
hospital, saying they were “hearing voices.” Each pseudo-patient was admitted
and diagnosed with a mental disorder. He was illustrating ________ theory.
fatalistic
strain
labeling
functionalist
Question 5
Although deviant behavior can be threatening and damaging,
paradoxically it also:
can never be
precisely defined due to constantly changing social construction.
strengthens society
by exercising mechanisms that preserve cohesion.
benefits as many
people as it harms.
fizzles out once it
becomes too damaging.
Question 6
Jennifer goes out at night with a spray can and writes on a
stop sign. She successfully vandalizes for the first time. Labeling theorists
would call this ________ deviance.
secondary
stigmatized
primary
social control
Question 7
Why is the United States best described as having a mix of
mechanical and organic sanctions?
Some states have a
more organic division of labor than others.
The United States
applies mechanical sanctions in some contexts and organic sanctions in other
contexts.
The United States
has not yet become a fully modern society.
It is not a mix; it
is best described as fully organic.
Question 8
According to Howard S. Becker, why do marijuana smokers
enjoy using the drug?
They are covering up
or trying to escape some other deviant tendencies.
They are genetically
predisposed to enjoying its effects.
They enjoy provoking
disapproval in others.
They engage in a social
process of learning to define the experience as fun and pleasurable.
Question 9
Punishments that are based on the usually unexpressed but
widely known rules of group membership are known as unspoken rules and as:
restitutive.
informal social sanctions.
rehabilitative.
formal social
sanctions.
Question 10
Tracy rejects the goals of owning a big house and earning
lots of money, which she feels are defined by society. However, she still works
hard and follows the rules. Robert Merton would classify Tracy as a(n):
innovator.
retreatist.
rebel.
ritualist.
Question 11
How does social context affect crime, according to the
broken windows theory?
Broken windows
provide easy access to places in which to use drugs and engage in prostitution.
Evidence of
disorder, such as broken windows, sends a signal that it’s acceptable to engage
in further deviant behaviors such as vandalism.
If the local economy
doesn’t provide enough jobs for residents, crime becomes the easiest way to get
by.
Criminals often
start with petty vandalism to build their confidence. They then work their way
up to more serious and dangerous crimes.
Question 12
Prisons and military boot camps are examples of what Erving
Goffman calls:
total institutions.
panopticons.
the Rockefeller drug
laws.
specific deterrence.
Question 13
J. P. Morgan trader Bruno Iksil placed a giant risky trade
and lost $6 billion for the bank. His boss and assistant conspired to cover up
the losses by filing false reports. These crimes are known as:
corporate crimes.
street crimes.
violations.
violent crimes.
Question 14
A policy of imprisoning and monitoring criminal offenders
for committing crimes in an effort to prevent them from committing more crimes
is known as:
general deterrence.
recidivism.
specific deterrence.
anomie.
Question 15
The student guards in Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment
behaved the way they did because:
they believed the
“inmates” had actually committed crimes and deserved punishment.
they were simply
following orders from a legitimate authority figure, who in this case was their
professor.
they experienced the
Lucifer effect, in which they were affected by social surroundings and cultural
expectations.
they were
malnourished.
Question 16
In the past, a murderer might have been executed with the
same weapon she used to commit the crime. According to Michel Foucault, this is
an example of what?
violence against the
body
panopticonism
modern punishment
violence against the
soul
Question 17
Picking your nose in public is an example of which type of
deviance?
offensive
criminal
formal
informal
Question 18
Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of
crime, as defined by sociologists?
violent crime
robbery
white-collar crime
street crime
Question 19
Which of the following is a major difference between the
symbolic interactionist (SI) and functionalist perspectives on deviance?
SI takes a micro or
close-up look at individuals; functionalism looks at macro-level social
systems.
SI accepts deviance
in society; functionalism says deviance must be eliminated.
SI argues that
deviance plays a symbolic role in society that helps reinforce cohesion;
functionalism argues that deviance threatens social cohesion.
SI sees deviance as
negative; functionalism does not judge it.
Question 20
A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect “American
dream” lifestyle, but sells illegal drugs to achieve this, is known by Robert
Merton as a(n):
ritualist.
conformist.
rebel.
innovator.
Question 21
What were the types of suicide described by Émile Durkheim?
conformist,
altruistic, anomic, and recidivist
egoistic,
altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic
egoistic,
altruistic, anomic, and recidivist
egoistic,
altruistic, recidivist, and fatalistic
Question 22
Mia is a correctional officer who wants to understand the
rising prison population. Which group is fueling the increase seen in this
chart?
mc054-1.jpg
women committing
extreme violence
repeat nonviolent
offenders
juveniles who are
being wrongly sentenced as adults
first-time
incarcerations for drug-related crimes
Question 23
A crime such as burglary is also known as which type of
deviance?
informal
formal
secondary
social
Question 24
Which of Émile Durkheim’s types of social solidarity
characterized premodern life?
egoistic
mechanical
anomic
organic
Question 25
A drug dealer stops selling drugs after learning on the
street that another dealer was caught and punished. This is an example of which
of the following?
recidivism
anomie
specific deterrence
general deterrence
Question 26
In his book Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino
Boys (2011), Victor Rios questions whether:
aggressive policing
in inner-city neighborhoods actually decreases juvenile crime.
replacing teachers
in inner-city schools with police officers decreases crime.
installing cameras
at every street corner decreases crime in inner cities.
replacing police
officers with social workers decreases crime in inner cities.
Question 27
The functionalist perspective argues that deviance:
will disappear as
societies evolve.
is necessary for a
society’s survival.
is a symptom of
other dysfunctions in society.
makes societies less
functional.
Question 28
The 2003 U.S. Supreme Court case of Lawrence v. Texas:
applied the death
penalty to the crime of selling illegal drugs.
criminalized
littering, punishable by a $500 fine.
affirmed Texas’s
criminalization of homosexual sex.
struck down Texas’s
criminalization of homosexual sex.
Question 29
Neighborhood watch groups are examples of what urban
theorist Jane Jacobs called:
panopticons.
the eyes and ears of
the streets.
formal social
sanctions.
stigmas.
Question 30
The common faith or set of social norms by which a society
and its members abide is defined by Émile Durkheim as:
anomie.
collective
conscience.
division of labor.
organic solidarity.
