Short answer questions: (250 words each)
1. Explain how the structural changes in the 1960s that had led urban crisis across the nation in the 1970s.
2. Explain what the dual economy means.
3. We have navigated four main sociological approaches on urban poverty. In this essay, explain how the residential segregation approach criticizes the social and economic approach.
Essay questions: (500 words each)
4.) Gentrification was first coined by Ruth Glass in 1964 in order to describe London neighborhoods in the 1960s, which referred to the process of middle- and upper-class households moving into distressed working-class neighborhoods, upgrading the derelict housing stock, and eventually displacing the working-class residents. 1) Explain the various definitions of gentrification by citing at least 3 scholars. 2) Discuss waves of gentrification and explain how recent gentrification is different from the earlier gentrification in terms of actors, levels, and scales by citing Hackworth and Smith’s article, “The changing state of gentrification.” 3) Explain who the main actors of gentrification are and how these actors play a role in accelerating gentrification. 4) Discuss how race and class intersect in gentrification and how these two factors contribute to the displacement of old timers. 5) Discuss if gentrification helps or harms urban neighborhoods
5. Explain how Portes and his colleagues, and Sanders and Nee understood ethnic enclaves in the U.S. cities. Your essay should explain their theories by examining how these scholars differently incorporate or criticize the dual labor market theory. Next, discuss how more recent scholars have challenged the traditional ethnic enclave model by adopting new global trends, such as global flows of people, capital and culture, and global tourism to the understanding of ethnic enclaves.
Write all five question in one document.
