which of the following is true of mental representations?
They are less useful for thinking about things one sensed in the past.
They usually do not allow one to imagine things in the future.
They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.
They are not useful for thinking about abstract ideas that have no physical existence.
__________ refers to the process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence.
Intuiting
Backcasting
Reasoning
Abstracting
______ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no
longer present.
Verbal concept
Visual perception
Mental grouping
Visual imagery
A bird has feathers and wings. It is a living thing, and it can move. It is a puffing or a canary.
What does the example illustrate?
A mind map
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Visual imagery
A mental model
A parallel distributed network
Which of the following best describes the language acquisition device?
An innate capacity to come up with novel words and utterances.
A device that imitates adult speech to aid language development in children.
An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language.
An interactive device that helps a child learn different languages at a time.
Identify a difference between visual perception and visual imagery.
Visual perception can be measured on an ordinary scale, whereas visual imagery is abstract,
and it is difficult to determine its intensity.
Visual perception occurs through verbal formulation, whereas visual imagery primarily occurs
through mental rotation.
Visual perception occurs in the absence of sensory stimulus, whereas visual imagery is imagining an object turning in three-dimensional space for a long period of time.
Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present, whereas visual imagery consists of
visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.
__________ comprises the set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a
particular language.
Semantics
Prototype
Syntax
Grammar
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A child can form adultlike sentences at around:
1.5 years of age.
2 years of age.
3 years of age.
4.5 years of age.
Andy’s father moved to the United States 12 years ago. When he moved to the United States
from Italy with his mother eight years again, Andy was six and his sister, thirteen. Who among
the following is likely to have the least strength of accent while learning the non-native language
(English)?
His sister, as adolescence is a better time to learn and be proficient in a second language without an accent
His father, as the length of time has a bearing on the strength of one’s accent
His mother, as women usually fare better than men and children in learning new languages
without accent
Andy, as childhood is a better time to speak a second language without an accent
Who among the following argues that humans are born with an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language?
Piaget
Skinner
Vygotsky
Chomsky
Which of the following is the correct expansion of LAD in language development?
Linguistic area development
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Linguistic assessment domain
Language acquisition device
Learning ability device
Hilda, a 6-month-old infant, has stopped using sounds that are not used in her native language.
She loses the ability to perceive nonnative sounds as she grows up. This is known as:
cooing.
training.
pruning.
babbling
Which of the following is true of life thousands of years ago?
Memory lasting long term
Use of language to interact
Memory of events in recent past
Use of language to process events
Rachael is a 10-year-old girl. She imagines how her life will pan out in the next ten years when
she attends college. Which term aptly describes Rachael’s thought?
Mental rotation
Verbal imagery
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Motor conception
Mental representation
Neil uses the premise that all squares are rectangles. On the basis of this premise, he states
that all rectangles have four sides. Therefore, he concludes that all squares must also have four
sides. In which of the following is Neil engaged?
Bottom-up logic finding
Deductive reasoning
Abstract thinking
Hypothesizing
In the context of verbal representation of one’s thoughts and perceptions, ______ lets us know
that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and other specific.
inductive reasoning
concept hierarchy
mental rotation
complex distribution
Which language theory states that when there are no words for certain objects or concepts in
one’s language, it is not possible to think about those objects or concepts?
Rational choice theory
Linguistic determinism hypothesis
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Theory of innately guided learning
Nativist hypothesis
Judgments about whether one thing causes another thing are known as ______.
perceptual correlations
analogical conclusions
predictive perceptions
causal inferences
Nancy is a 4-month-old infant who utters repeated vowel sounds such as "aah and ooh." Until 6
months of age, her speech consists almost exclusively of vowels. Nancy is said to be in the
______ stage of language development.
twaddling
cooing
babbling
crib talk
Which pattern of growth partly explains how babies respond to picture books before they learn
to talk?
The temporal and frontal lobes develop before the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain.
The temporal and frontal lobes and the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain grow simultaneously.
The visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal system.
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Verbal stimulation occurs much before the sensory stimulation stops.
When do babies express one-word utterances?
At the beginning of the cooing stage
At the end of the babbling stage
While they learn to utter gibberish
At the end of the cooing stage
__________ requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one’s own thinking and to question it.
Intuitive thinking
Parallel thinking
Perceptual reasoning
Metacognitive thinking
In the context of verbal representation of one’s thoughts and perceptions, which of the following
refers to the two types of categories?
Overt and covert
Latent and visible
Well-defined and fuzzy
Inductive and deductive
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By saying the exact same sentence in almost every language, it can be demonstrated that the
connection between sound and meaning is:
uniform.
coherent.
arbitrary.
phonetic.
Which of the following is NOT one of the environmental influences on language as enlisted by
Erika Hoff?
Television
Culture
Intelligence
Peers
Which of the following examples is the least prototypical for the category “furniture”?
sofa
telephone
bed
dresser
Human language is defined as being ______ communication system that has rules of grammar
and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas.
an open and symbolic
an open and connected
a symbolic and closed
a connected and closed
Which of the following principles best explains a child’s spontaneous creation of the sentence “I
goed to the store with Daddy.”
imitation
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sociocultural theory of language
child-directed speech
nativist theory
Even though he cannot yet speak, 10-month-old Mikey understands what his father means
when he says to Mikey, "You’re a good boy!" Which part of Mikey’s brain is involved in this language comprehension?
Wernicke’s area
Broca’s area
occipital lobes
the amygdala
30.
Required information
Which of the following correctly states the sensitivity period hypothesis for language acquisition?
Children need access to the best schools in order to realize their full language potential.
Children who are not exposed to human language before a certain age will never fully develop
language skills.
Children will only learn appropriate language skills if they are exposed to competent peer models.
Children who learn proper grammar at an early age will likely carry their grammar skills through
adulthood.
31.
Required information
Sociocultural theorists suggest which of the following with respect to language development?
Children will learn language only through consistent reinforcement and punishment.
Children learn language by hearing other people speak and interpreting it within context.
Children should be taught language by providing associations between words and pleasant
stimuli.
Children can learn language only before puberty.
32.
Required information
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The pioneering linguist who argued that humans are born with a language acquisition device
(LAD) is __________.
Noam Chomsky
Erika Hoff
Diana Baumrind
Daniel Kahneman
33.
Required information
Which of the following provides evidence in favor of the nativist view of language acquisition?
Even babies who are born deaf engage in babbling.
Children learn language with ease.
Language develops in the same way at the same time for children worldwide.
All of these.
34.
Required information
The view that language creates thought as much as thought creates language is also known as
cognitive psychology.
the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis.
concept hierarchy.
the linguistic determinism hypothesis.
35.
Required information
The word ______ means “to know.”
babble
syntax
cognition
protolanguage
Maura uses ASL with her son, Tyler. Tyler mostly uses sign language to communicate
his basic needs, like wanting a drink.
his basic emotions, like his love for his mother.
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his basic wants, like his desire to play on the swings.
his association of concepts, like cat and dog are both animals.
Ellen’s best friend won the lottery with the numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42. Now, Ellen buys a lottery ticket every day choosing these same numbers, because she is convinced that she too will
win. What error in judgment is Ellen making?
The likelihood of the same numbers winning again is significantly less than other number combinations.
Rare but highly memorable events that come to mind easily act so as to increase our beliefs
they will happen again even when they don’t.
Ellen is mistakenly relying on the consistency heuristic and should pick different numbers each
day.
Ellen is basing her decisions on too large a sample size.
Robyn is writing a research paper and she is frustrated because she can’t find some of the information she needs to finish writing it. Her awareness that she is missing some information is an
example of
ideation.
brainstorming.
metacognition
iconic memory.
Analyzing the facts is
a first step in critical thinking.
not relevant to critical thinking.
the last stage of critical thinking.
part of metacognition.
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40.
Instructions: Click the link to read the related article. Then review the synopsis below and answer the related questions.
http://healthland.time.com/2011/06/13/what-gabrielle-giffords-can-expect-when-she-leaves-rehab/
In the months since the shooting at a Tucson supermarket in early January where Rep.
Gabrielle Giffords was shot in the left side of her head, she has been living in a residential rehabilitation clinic. At this writing, she is scheduled to begin outpatient therapy in mid 2011. Supporters and doctors alike are taking her release as a positive sign of her recovery.
Dr. Anders Cohen, chief of neurosurgery at Brooklyn Hospital Center, stated that “the inpatient
portion of therapy typically involves more work from therapists than from the patient, . . . but
when the patient leaves the clinic, the balance of the work shifts to the injured person.” This
shows that the patient can follow commands and that he or she is strong enough to take on
more of the burden of rehabilitation.
Giffords’s outpatient rehabilitation “will involve at least four different types of therapy, including
physical, occupational, speech, and cognitive.” Due to the brain regions that were affected by
the bullet’s path, doctors can already predict the types of deficits that Giffords will most likely experience (such as extensive language difficulties, right visual field gaps, and weakness on the
right side of her body) and target their therapeutic efforts in those areas. Patients recover for the
rest of their lives, but it is the first 12 to 14 months when the biggest improvements are made.
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